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Question: Discuss about the Social behavior and Cultural factor in public health. Answer: Reviews and evidence of Levels of depression Even though outstanding improvements have been made in discovering, controlling and managing mood disorders over the past few decades, the rising global dominance of depression persists to discourage both researchers and clinical scientists. The World Health Organization (WHO) surmised that in the near future, depression will significantly increase the levels of disability. In Australia, adolescents are mostly affected by mental health problems and disorder especially those aged between 18 to 24 years of age. They hold the greatest percentage of mental disorders than any other age group(chisholm, 2015). Depressive disorders seem to initially appear in adolescence and early stages of adulthood. Statistics show that adults start projecting signs of depression during their teen years, and others at their 20s. Depression is a widely spread mental health puzzles for young people aged 12-24 years where it is demonstrated by the GP event records for reasons of mental health in Australia is related to this disorder(Power Dalgleish, 2008) The entire dominance of depression tends to increase rapidly in young famines than in young males. For a period of one year, fewer Australian males than females of 18 to 24 years are diagnosed with depressive disorders. Various studies have demonstrated that depression is the fastest facilitator of the responsibility of illnesses and severe injuries in young females between 10-24 years. It is also ranked second as a contributor lead by road accidents for males of the same age. Genetic vulnerability and exposure to calamities do not make a young person to acquire depression disorders(Ainsworth, 2000) Depression is commonly related to various mental illnesses. At least two-thirds of young people with depression have got around one comorbid mental disorder. The ratios of young people without depression to that of people with depression is surprisingly high where approximately 6:12 are more likely to have anxiety, 4:11 are liable to have a conduct behavior disorder and 3:6 are highly expected to suffer from substance addiction difficulties respectively. A depressive disorder is also a contributing factor for cases of suicide in young adults(Lawrence, Hafekost, Johnson, Buckingham, 2016) Social influences on patterns of depressions Gender is commonly referred to as the socially formed features of human beings such as norms, functions, and relationships amongst different groups of people. It differs from one society to the other and they are not consistent, hence they change over time. Normally people come into this world as either a male or a female; they are then guided on the right typical behaviors according to their sexual group. They are taught how to socialize with people of the same sex and of contrary sex. They are also taught how to deal with age mates, those older than them and younger than them whether within relatives, friends, neighbors and working places. When a person fails to adopt the established social and cultural norms they encounter stigmatization, acts of discrimination and even social expulsion. Also, some of these customs are even hostile to the transgender category of people as they are limited to some rights and privileges that make them seem as if they are of less human being. In some societies these people may not be allowed to go to public hence their rights of movement are violated. Others are not allowed to get married or marry hence can't give birth even though they have the potential These norms, responsibilities, and interactions cause individuals susceptibility to various mental health challenges and other diseases that simulate their enjoyment of being around others, good health and wellbeing in life. They also play a role in people's attitudes towards inquiring health services and to comprehend healthy living ways to avoid other negative health issues they may encounter in their entire life-course(World Health Organisation, 2018). Social-ecological model on effects of potential prevention strategies A recent study shows that various depression cases, a combination of both clinical and sentimental interventions are of great significance. Various non-melancholic depressions, psychological interventions, in particular, are commonly suggested at the initial stages. Eventually, though, treatment alternatives should depend on how depression is conceptualized, client attributes, and based on facts and not on current treatment trends. It should neither rely on the administrative preferential choices In the sphere of public health, models have become more intricate as scholars and medical practitioners try to discourse chronic illnesses which include mental disorders that are usually multi-fortuitous. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention supports a socialecological model as a conceptual structure for anticipation(American Psychiatric Association, 2015). This model focuses on possible factors at various levels. Some its core include theindividualfeature and effects. The next level is therelationshipfactors, which include interpersonal relationships. Thirdly, the Communitylevel that includes the attributes of the closest neighborhood which refers to social class and security. Societallevel, with features such as cultural norms and tolerance of a society for a particular difficulty or issues that may also cause more risks or protective effects(Yapko Michael, 2011). Primary preventionchances go to a personal level includes creating awareness to the students at the higher learning institutions about the risks of sexual on fall as a result of excessive consumption of alcohol. At the relationship level, primary prevention targets the primary school children by encouraging descent peer interactions so as to dismiss bullying. Community primary prevention endeavors advocate for the installation of proper lighting in the streets and pedestrian routes and by developing neighborhood security systems to prevent harassments and other forms of physical and emotional torture. At the societal level, strict rules that deny possession of firearms, like the firearm laws in Australia, should be implemented so as to reduce the cases of homicide and murder(Gilbert, 2014). Secondary preventionopportunities focus on approaches at individual grounds like the psychological support of catastrophe survivors. At the relationship level, it involves counseling of married couples on matters concerning domestic violence incidences. For Community-level safeguarding interventions are the vigils of supporting the remnants of calamities and mass violence. At the societal level, laws should be enacted to restrict firearm handling while those accountable for internal violence playing their role in stopping the intensifying violence(Krugman, 2013). Astertiary preventionconcentrates on preventing impotence and complications of diseases, at both the personal and relationship levels, ancient treatment methods are sets reliable examples. Clinical procedures particularly to ease the symptoms and distress, and also to stop the establishment of comorbidities. Implementing screening systems together with professional training of the care providers in modern interventions and referrals can significantly enhance the improvements in achieving the extant interventions. Usage of the recommended interventions for offering services through e-health and computerized applications may offer better potentials which are more cost-effective. At the community level, strategies that encourage proper handling of stress-related situations which offers accommodations that discourse disabilities and motivate trauma victims to beseech medication. At the societal level, struggling to maintain harmony would certainly reduce depression(Satariano, 2017). Levels in the social-ecological model, work together interchangeably. The progressive research will combine proceeding efforts to join together the levels of the social-ecological model. For example, investigating on how survivors long-term development is affected by parental affairs and vice versa. The same or another team can also research on community effects, which includes the rate of lack of jobs, level of knowledge, availability of social amenities, and more on socio-demographic records in various communities(Urie BRONFENBRENNER, 2009). References Ainsworth, P. (2000). Understanding Depression. Mississippi: Univ. Press . American Psychiatric Association. (2015). Psychiatric Services in Correctional Facilities. American Psychiatric Pub. chisholm, D. (2015). Investing in mental health. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 21(7), 531. Gilbert, D. P. (2014). Depression: The Evolution of Powerlessness. Taylor Francis. Krugman, P. R. (2013). End this Depression Now! W.W. Norton. Lawrence, D., Hafekost, J., Johnson, S. E., Buckingham, J. W. (2016). Key findings from the second Australian child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(9), 876-886. Power, M. J., Dalgleish, T. (2008). Cognition and Emotion: From Order to Disorder. Psychology Press. Satariano, M. M. (2017). Aging, Place, and Health. Urie BRONFENBRENNER. (2009). The Ecology of Human Development. Harvard University Press. World Health Organisation. (2018, May 3). Gender, equity and human rights. Retrieved from World Health Organisation: https://www.who.int/gender-equity-rights/understanding/gender-definition/en/ Yapko, P., Michael, D. (2011). Breaking the Patterns of Depression. Crown/Archetype.